Boundary System

The boundary defines the arena in which orbs interact.

Configuration Parameters

Parameter	Description	Effect
shape	Arena geometry	Collision math and visuals
radius	Circle boundary radius in pixels	Larger = more open arena
restitution	Energy multiplier on wall bounce	>1.0 accelerates, <1.0 dampens
tangentImpulse	Sideways kick on wall collision	Higher = more chaotic bounces
minSpeed	Floor velocity magnitude	Prevents stalling
maxSpeed	Ceiling velocity magnitude	Caps maximum speed
twoOrbsMaxSpeed	Elevated speed cap for endgame	Faster final confrontations
twoOrbsRampFrames	Transition duration	Smooths speed increase

Current Configuration

Shape:           Circle
Radius:          190px
Restitution:     1.02 (slightly accelerating)
Tangent Impulse: 0.01 (minimal sideways kick)
Min Speed:       2.0
Max Speed:       8.0 (normal), 20.0 (endgame)
Endgame Ramp:    400 frames (~3.3 seconds)
Direction:       Random per bounce (CW/CCW)

Wall Collision Physics

When an orb hits the boundary:

1. Detect Collision

distance_from_center > radius - orb_radius

2. Calculate Response

normal = normalize(position - center)  // For circle
velocity_normal = dot(velocity, normal)
velocity_tangent = velocity - (velocity_normal * normal)

3. Apply Restitution

new_velocity_normal = -velocity_normal * restitution
new_velocity = new_velocity_normal * normal + velocity_tangent

4. Apply Tangent Impulse

tangent_direction = perpendicular(normal)
direction_sign = random_per_bounce()  // +1 or -1, deterministic per orb
new_velocity += tangent_direction * tangentImpulse * direction_sign

The tangent direction is randomized per bounce (clockwise or counter-clockwise), creating varied orbital patterns while maintaining determinism through per-orb PRNGs.

Next Steps

• Gravity System - Central gravity
• Collision Physics - Orb-orb collisions
• Sudden Death - Endgame mechanics